Resources Related to Decriminalizing Mental Illness

This collection of resources related to the decriminalization of mental illness has been submitted by our Grantee Partners and Sozosei Foundation Convening attendees. If you have a resource you would like us to add to this collection, please email [email protected].

The resources listed below are focused on research, policy, advocacy, and litigation related to the decriminalization of mental illness. If you are looking for treatment options or ideas, we encourage you to visit the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) at https://nami.org/ or https://smiadviser.org.



NY State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Department of Psychiatry

This report contributes to a national discussion of and guidance on 988 by sharing case studies from three New York State counties that document local 988 implementation efforts and describe the collaboration between 988, 911, and other crisis lines. These three counties—one urban, one suburban, and one rural—demonstrate the wide variability in resource availability and preferences that dictate local 988 make-ups.

Read More
Mental Illness Is Not A Crime

In this podcast, experts from across the United States discuss how and why we have criminalized mental illness – and what we can do about it.

Read More
Arts On Perscription

Arts on Prescription: A Field Guide for US Communities offers a roadmap for communities to develop programs that formally integrate arts, culture, and nature resources into local health and social care systems.

Read More
KFF - Mental Health

KFF is the independent source for health policy research, polling, and journalism. 

Read More
National Association of Counties (NACo) - County Funding Opportunities to Support Community Members Experiencing a Behavioral Health Crisis 

To inform local decision making, the National Association of Counties (NACo) and the National Association of County Behavioral Health and Developmental Disability Directors (NACBHDD) developed a chart of funding opportunities across federal, state and county governments and non-government sectors.

Read More
SMI Adviser

A clinical support system for serious mental illness.

Read More
Duke Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences

The Services & Policy Research Program is a multidisciplinary team of behavioral health services and policy researchers in the Division of Child and Family Mental Health and Community Psychiatry within the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences. 

Read More
Wilson Center for Science and Justice at Duke Law

The Wilson Center for Science and Justice at Duke Law School has a mission of advancing criminal justice reform and civil rights through the application of interdisciplinary legal and scientific research.

Read More
Program Evaluation - Assisted Outpatient Treatment in NC and NY

This report evaluates the Assisted Outpatient Treatment (AOT) program in North Carolina and New York. 

Read More
National Resource Center on Psychiatric Advance Directives

Psychiatric Advance Directives (PADs) are relatively new legal instruments that may be used to document a competent person’s specific instructions or preferences regarding future mental health treatment.

Read More
American Psychiatric Association

SMI Adviser’s “My Mental Health Crisis Plan” App Wins 2021 Mobile Web Award

Read More
National Research Institute
  • 2022 Profiles the BH Crisis Continuum April 2023.pdf—this report reviews the status of call centers, MCTs, and CRSFs across the states
  • 2022 Profiles SMHA Support for BH Call Centers April 2023.pdf
  • 2022 Profiles SMHA Support for Less than 24-hour CRSFs April 2023.pdf
Read More
National Association of Counties Research Foundation

NACo’s Behavioral Health Resource Page

Read More
Lemonada Media - Call for Help Podcast

Hosted by Stephanie Wittels Wachs, and featuring special correspondent Zak Williams, Call for Help looks at the promise and the perils of 988. The Call for Help podcast uncovers how the United States healthcare system failed in the beginning and continues to fail today, what crisis response currently looks like in the United States, and what it will take to fix our broken system.  Available now wherever you get your podcasts.

Read More
National Association of Counties Research Foundation - Grantmaking: A County Strategy to Address Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Criminal Legal System

This toolkit outlines eight guiding principles to enhance equity in grantmaking and provides strategies, practical solutions and county examples aligned with each principle.

Read More
Psychiatric Services

The recent implementation of 988 as a behavioral crisis hotline is a critical opportunity for improving crisis care across the United States. The bold vision for 988 is to offer individuals experiencing a mental health crisis a rapid entry into a coordinated crisis system and reduce reliance on 911 (and prevent a police response when it is not warranted). In this Open Forum, the authors suggest that mental health professionals have a role to play in educating their clients about when to use 988. Promoting 988 will also depend on answering key questions about what constitutes a crisis and how 988 is being implemented at a local level.

Read More
RAND Corporation

How to Transform the U.S. Mental Health System Evidence-Based Recommendations: This report provides recommendations to promote transformational change to improve the lives of the millions of Americans living with mental illness. 

Read More
NPR

Removing Cops from Behavioral Health Crisis Calls: 'We Need to Change the Model:' NPR article on San Francisco’s police response to crisis calls and the CAHOOTS model.

Read More
National Association of Counties Research Foundation - Toolkit for Counties: 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline

This page features resources to help county leaders support the 988 transition and leverage this opportunity to expand access to behavioral health care for all community members.

Read More
National Guidelines for Behavioral Health Crisis Care

Guidelines from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration outlining best practices for behavioral health crisis care.

Read More
Scattergood Foundation

Think Bigger Do Good Policy Series: Policy paper series from the Scattergood Foundation and its partners examining issues related to behavioral and mental health. 

Read More
LA Times

L.A. County moves to create new juvenile justice system focused on ‘care,’ not punishment: LA Times article about the creation of a new Department of Youth Development, November 2020.

Read More
Bedlam

Bedlam: Documentary film about our mental health crisis, released 2019.

Read More
Toronto Star

Toronto moves forward on consultations to create a non-police mental health crisis response team.  

Read More
The New Yorker

 The Invention of the Police: article by Jill Lepore July 2020

Read More
Well Beings

The Well Beings campaign addresses the critical health needs of Americans through broadcast content, original digital content, and impactful local events.

Read More
Safer Cities

A new poll conducted by Safer Cities shows that voters support creating a new agency of first responders, like emergency medical services or firefighters, to reroute some 911 calls away from armed police officers to medical professionals who are better situated to respond to mental health and homelessness related situations than armed police officers.

Read More
Youth Voices on Mental Health

National Juvenile Justice Network webinar profiling youth voices.

Read More
Treatment Advocacy Center Data Analysis

Research from the Treatment Advocacy Center showing that individuals with mental illness tend to receive a more severe punishment than those without a mental illness. 

Read More
National Center for State Courts (NCSC)

Webpage for NCSC’s task force on decriminalizing mental illness. 

Read More
Cambridge University Press

Decriminalizing Mental Illness: A Cambridge University book on history, treatment and justice diversion, published December 2020. 

Read More
Washington Post - Fatal police shootings of mentally ill people are 39 percent more likely to take place in small and midsized areas

This article compares the likelihood of police shootings for people living with mental illness in mid-size towns versus those in large cities. Please note this article contains some graphic content.

Read More
Treatment Advocacy Center

Treat or Repeat: A State Survey of Serious Mental Illness, Major Crimes and Community Treatment

Read More
Meeting the Needs of Justice-Involved People With Serious Mental Illness Within Community Behavioral Health Systems

Authored by: Natalie Bonfine, Ph.D., Amy Blank Wilson, Ph.D., L.S.W., Mark R. Munetz, M.D. - A new approach is needed that focuses on addressing the multiple factors that contribute to justice involvement for this population. Although the authors’ proposed approach may be viewed as aspirational, they suggest that an integrated community-based behavioral health system—i.e., intercept 0—serve as the focal point for coordinating and integrating services for justice-involved people with serious mental illness.

Read More
Marshall Project

Will Drug Legalization Leave Black People Behind? Marshall Project article on how racial disparities should be considered in discussions of drug decriminalization.

Read More
The Lancet

The Pandemic paused the school-to-prison pipeline: potential lessons learned. Research from The Lancet that investigates how COVID-19 may have paused the school to prison pipeline.  

Read More
Slate, Buffington-Vollum, and Johnson

The Criminalization of Mental Illness: Crisis and Opportunity for the Justice System, Second Edition: Textbook by Slate, Buffington-Vollum, and Johnson about the failures of our justice system and potential solutions.

Read More
WITF

She’s breaking down’: Inmates at Bucks County jail decry treatment of suicidal woman with severe mental illness: Profile of inhumane conditions of confinement for woman with mental illness in PA, June 2020. 

Read More
Treatment Advocacy Center

Road Runners: The Role and Impact of Law Enforcement in Transporting Individuals with Severe Mental Illness. 

Read More
University of Kansas School of Welfare

Review of the Literature on Jail Diversion Programs and Summary Recommendations for the Establishment of a Mental Health Court and Crisis Center within Douglas County, Kansas: Research from University of Kansas School of Welfare, 2015.

Read More
Abt Associates

Reimagining Response to Vulnerable Populations in Crisis: A framework for reimagining crisis response from Abt Associates.

Read More
NJ Spotlight

Prisoner Release Raises Concerns About Their Health During Pandemic - New Jersey is set to release 2,300 people in prison; about half will have mental health issues, November 2020. 

Read More
The Philadelphia Inquirer – I’ve had public mental health outbursts like Walter Wallace Jr. I’m alive because I’m white.

Philadelphia Inquirer op-ed sharing an author’s reflection on the role of race in decriminalizing mental illness. 

Read More
Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice System

One Mind Docu-Series: Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice System

Read More
Prison Legal News

New Federal Study Shows Half of Incarcerated Veterans Have Mental Disorder: Article discussing a study by Bureau of Justice Statistics of 2011-12 data about veterans.  

Read More
Texas CJC

Misunderstood and Mistreated: How Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Experience the Texas Criminal Justice System: Report that details the failures of multiple systems to respond to individuals with IDD, October 2020.

Read More
Middlesex County Restoration Committee

Report from the Middlesex County Restoration Committee in MA assessing the implementation of a diversion restoration center for individuals with mental illness and substance abuse in the County.

Read More
Mental Health America (MHA) National

MHA Position Statement 52: MHAs statement in support of maximum diversion of persons with serious mental illness from the criminal justice system.

Read More
Virginia Court System

Mental Health Dockets in VA: Specialized court dockets within the existing court structure utilizing voluntary participation by individuals with behavioral health issues.

Read More
Arizona State University

Mens Rea Roundtable: Mental Illness, Diminished Capacity & the Flight from Culpability in Arizona: Symposium on Mens Rea at Arizona State University, December 2020.

Read More
Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption by Bryan Stevenson

Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption: Personal memoir by Bryan Stevenson describing our broken criminal justice system.

Read More
CSG Justice Center

Just and Well: Rethinking How States Approach Competency to Stand Trial: Council of State Government’s Justice Center’s research on competency hearings.

Read More
NAMI

Article: I Am Not Sick I Don't Need Help: How to Help Someone with Mental Illness Accept Treatment

Read More
Fountain House

Fountain House: From Harm to Health offers a holistic and comprehensive framework to transform how we address mental health emergencies - from a reactive system driven by public safety goals and procedures, to a preventative, health-first approach that centers racial equity, lived experience, systemic challenges, and cultural competency.

Read More
Journal of Public Mental Health

Journal of Public Mental Health: An evaluation of Peerstar’s Forensic Peer Support program in Pennsylvania that showed it decreased recidivism.

Read More
Intercept Zero

February 2019. A white paper by James Fouts explaining Intercept Zero and a calling for cross systems training.

Read More
DJ Jaffe

Insane Consequences: How the Mental Health Industry Fails the Mentally Ill: This well-researched and highly critical examination of the state of our mental health system by the industry's most relentless critic presents a new and controversial explanation as to why--in spite of spending $147 billion annually--140,000 seriously mentally ill are homeless, 390,000 are incarcerated, and even educated, tenacious, and caring people can't get treatment for their mentally ill loved ones.

Read More
Treatment Advocacy Center & Public Citizen

Report: Individuals With Serious Mental Illnesses in County Jails: A Survey of Jail Staff’s Perspectives Treatment Advocacy Center, July 2016

Read More
Public Advocate for the City of New York

Improving New York City’s Responses To Individuals In Mental Health Crisis: Report detailing needed community-based supports and shifts in police practice, September 2019.

Read More
Treatment Advocacy Center

Report: Implementing Assisted Outpatient Treatment: Essential Elements, Building Blocks and Tips For Maximizing Results 

Read More
Psychiatry Online

Helping Mentally Ill People Break the Cycle of Jail and Homelessness: Description of the Thresholds jail linkage project in Chicago, IL.

Read More
Healing Minds NOLA

Zoom Cast Series on SMI. Janet Hays, Executive Director of Healing Minds NOLA, along with Eric Smith (graduate of Judge Oscar Kazen's AOT program in Bexar County and now a graduate student and fierce advocate for people living with SMI) hosted important discussions re: all aspects of how to create a continuum of care for people living with (serious) mental illness  - guests included Judge Steven Leifman, John Snook of Treatment Advocacy Center, Pete Earley, Dr. Xavier Amador, Dr. Drew, and Dr. Kenneth Paul Rosenberg, and many more. 

Read More
Healing Minds NOLA

2020 Zoom Cast Series - Focus on Serious Mental Illness: Series of seminars with legislators, authors, doctors and researchers on pathways to increase treatment and avoid homelessness and incarceration for individuals with mental illness.

Read More
New Hampshire Center for Public Interest Journalism

Hanks Confirms 6 Active COVID-19 Cases at State Prison, Most at Psych Units: Article from the New Hampshire Center for Public Interest Journalism highlighting the plight of individuals with mental illness in the psychiatric unit of the prison who have not been convicted of a crime, November 2020.

Read More
GAINS Sequential Intercept Model Overview

Graphic of the sequential intercept model (SIM)

Read More
SAMHSA GAINS Center

The GAINS Center focuses on expanding access to services for people with mental and/or substance use disorders who come into contact with the adult criminal justice system.

Read More
Freethink: Should Police Respond to Mental Health Crises?

This YouTube video exploring non-police and co-police responses to individuals with mental illness in crisis. Please note this video contains some graphic content.

Read More
Treatment Advocacy Center

Emptying the 'New Asylums': A Beds Capacity Model to Reduce Mental Illness Behind Bars Treatment Advocacy Center, January 2017.

Read More
PBS Documentary - The Definition of Insanity

The Miami-Dade Criminal Mental Health Project (CMHP) comes to life in this PBS documentary, following a team of dedicated public servants working through the courts to steer people with mental illness — as their court cases hang in the balance — on a path from incarceration to recovery. 

Read More
Vera Institute of Justice

Report: Crisis Response Services for People with Mental Illnesses or Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Review of the Literature on Police-based and Other First Response Models

Read More
Health and Human Rights Journal

Crisis Response as a Human Rights Flashpoint: Critical Elements of Community Support for Individuals Experiencing Significant Emotional Distress:  A Health and Human Rights Journal article that makes a human rights-based case for supporting individuals with mental illness. 

Read More
Crazy, Not Insane

This film from Oscar(R)-winning filmmaker Alex Gibney is a portrait of a woman willing to reach inside the darkest places of the criminal mind. Featuring Dr. Lewis' literary voice read by Laura Dern, the film reveals how she helped change the laws and the approach of death penalty lawyers.

Read More
National Geographic: City So Real 

Academy Award ®-nominated filmmaker Steve James’ fascinating and complex portrait of contemporary Chicago delivers a deep, multifaceted look into the soul of a quintessentially American city, set against the backdrop of its history-making 2019 mayoral election, and the tumultuous 2020 summer of COVID-19 and social upheaval following the death of George Floyd.

Read More
CIT International

Best Practices Guide to Crisis Response: A best practice guide for transforming community responses to mental health crises.

Read More
CAHOOTS: Crisis Assistance Helping Out On The Streets

Set of slides that describe Oregon’s Crisis Assistance Helping Out on the Streets (CAHOOTS) program.

Read More
Vera Institute of Justice

Behavioral Health Crisis Alternatives: Literature review and case studies from the Vera Institute of Justice analyzing responses to different crisis situations.

Read More
Taking the Helm with Lynn McLaughlin

Four Decades of Addiction. Recovery is Possible!: Interview with Leo Petrilli, November 2020.

Read More
Abolition and Disability Justice Collective 

Webpage showcasing the work of the Abolition and Disability Justice Collective, which promotes the creation of healthy communities to decriminalize mental illness.

Read More
Dede Moon Ranahan

Tomorrow Was Yesterday: A book that shares stories from 64 mothers of people with serious brain disorders across the USA, by Dede Moon Ranahan

Read More
Washington City Paper

In D.C., Sealing Your Criminal Record Can Be Harder Than Almost Anywhere Else: An article on the collateral consequences of criminal charges and the difficulties of expungement. 

Read More
The Philadelphia Inquirer – Fatal police shooting of Walter Wallace Jr. prompts heated overnight protests in West Philly

The 27-year-old man had a knife during a confrontation with police Monday afternoon. In the hours that followed, clashes erupted between police and protesters.

Read More
Ernie and Joe: Crisis Cops (HBO)

This documentary chronicles how two officers—both members of the San Antonio Police Department’s ten-person mental health unit—use an innovative approach to policing to diffuse dangerous situations and divert people from jail into mental health treatment.

Read More
The Guardian

Cultivating a Workers' Paradise: Guardian article describing La Fageda, a non-profit working and housing initiative for individuals with mental illness, 2016

Read More
WNYC (podcast)

Criminalizing Mental Illness: WNYC Podcast with author Alisa Roth. 

Read More
Treatment Advocacy Center

Violence, Victimization, and People with Mental Illness: Research on violence and mental illness summarized.

Read More
Beyond Do No Harm

Beyond Do No Harm: This document was developed by a group of advocates, health practitioners, impacted community members, public health experts, and people working across social justice movements to inspire a recommitment to the caring intentions of health and public health professions.

Read More
Abolition and Disability Justice

Reforms to Avoid: Alternatives to Policing Based on Disability Justice and Reforms to Avoid

Read More
Thrive NYC

Co-Response Teams (CRT) are a collaboration between the NYPD and DOHMH. CRT is a pre- and post-crisis intervention.

Read More
NPR

Psychiatrist: America's 'Extremely Punitive' Prisons Make Mental Illness Worse: interview with Dr. Christine Montross.

Read More
Office of Research and Public Affairs

Going, Going, Gone: Trends and Consequences of Eliminating State Psychiatric Beds reports the findings of a 2016 survey by the Office of Research and Public Affairs to determine how many state hospital beds remain staffed and in service in the United States

Read More
Intellectual and Developmental Disability Community

Information on "hard houses" and "soft houses" developed by and for the Intellectual and Developmental Disability Community.

Read More
Parents Empowered and Communities Enhanced

Conference focuses on affordable housing for people with disabilities: Article describing conference held by Parents Empowered and Communities Enhanced, otherwise known as PEAC.

Read More
Police Executive Research Forum (PERF)

Guiding Principles on Use of Force: Research, field work, and national discussions on police use of force, especially in situations involving persons with mental illness and cases where subjects do not have firearms.

Read More
American Psychiatric Association Foundation

What Do Disruptive Behaviors Indicate? Information on how schools respond to disruptive behaviors.

Read More
The Washington Post - In New Mexico, a bold experiment aims to take police out of the equation for mental health calls

In one of the most tangible shifts in public safety since last year’s killing of George Floyd spawned anti-police-brutality protests nationwide, New Mexico’s largest city has established a new category of first responder.

Read More
NAMI

Sharing Hope: An African American Guide to Mental Health  - Information on mental health for the BIPOC community. 

Read More
Sins Invalid

10 Principles of Disability Justice. Sins Invalid is a disability justice based performance project that incubates and celebrates artists with disabilities, centralizing artists of color and LGBTQ / gender-variant artists as communities who have been historically marginalized.

Read More
CSG Justice Center

On the Over-Valuation of Risk for People with Mental Illnesses: A resource on the over-valuation of risk.

Read More
SAMHSA

Collection of Assisted Outpatient Treatment (AOT) Studies: Evidence for AOT. (SAMHSA has also recognized AOT as evidence-based treatment.)

Read More
Ocean Boulevard

Ocean Boulevard: a film shedding light on substance use disorder and mental illness.

Read More
The Hill

We Must Decriminalize Mental Illness to Save Lives: Article by Patrick Kennedy and John Snook.

Read More
Milliman

How do individuals with behavioral health conditions contribute to physical and total healthcare spending? Report by Milliman

Read More
Cambridge University Press

The Distinction Between Mental and Physical Illness: R.E. Kendell on the artificial distinction between mental and physical illness.

Read More
Collaborative Family Healthcare Association (CFHA)

Collaborative Family Healthcare Association (CFHA) supports healthcare professionals in integrating physical and behavioral health.

Read More
Pete Earley

Judge Steven Leifman: My Choice For Most Important Advocate During 2020: Pete Earley's article on Judge Leifman

Read More
Take a Mental Health Test

Mental Health America's Online Screening Tools

Read More
American Psychiatric Association Foundation

Trauma-Informed Juvenile Justice Diversion Fact Sheet: The impact the juvenile justice system has on youth and the trauma they experience.

Read More
Judges and Psychiatrists Leadership Initiative

The Judges’ and Psychiatrists’ Leadership Initiative (JPLI) aims to stimulate, support, and enhance efforts by judges and psychiatrists to improve judicial, community, and systemic responses to people with behavioral health needs involved in the justice system.

Read More
NACO: Miami-Dade County Builds Center for Mental Health and Recovery

County officials representing urban counties at the 2019 Large Urban County Caucus (LUCC) Symposium in Miami-Dade County, Fla., toured a new facility that will offer a full continuum of care for justice-involved individuals with mental illnesses.

The concept for the Miami Center for Mental Health and Recovery began when the county passed a general obligation bond program with $22 million in the public safety sector to create a diversion facility for justice-involved individuals, said Tim Coffey, project coordinator for the Eleventh Judicial Circuit of Florida.

Read More
Center for Effective Public Policy

The CEPP Announces Advancing Pretrial Policy and Research: A Project of the National Partnership for Pretrial Justice.

Read More
Collaborating Centre for Prison Health & Education

Peer Health Mentoring with Formerly Incarcerated Men: Peer Health Education Tool Kit from John Howard.

Read More
Hope Inc. Stories

The Promise of 988: Crisis Care for Everyone, Everywhere, Every Time

Read More
The Gazette – Revolving door of mental illness can lead to jail — but does it have to?

Local mental health advocates talk about role of law enforcement.

Read More
The People’s Commission to Decriminalize Maryland

The People’s Commission to Decriminalize Maryland was established in 2019 with the purpose of reducing the disparate impact of the justice system on Marylanders who have been historically targeted and marginalized by local and state criminal and juvenile laws based on their race, gender, disability, or socio-economic status. 

Read More
MindSite News - The Lockdown Inside the Lockdown

COVID-19 and severe isolation have created a mental health crisis for incarcerated youth

Read More
Time – Suicide Among Black Girls Is a Mental Health Crisis Hiding in Plain Sight.

From 2007 to 2018, suicide rates for Americans ages 10 to 24 rose by 57%, and the increase was particularly significant among young girls, contributing to a narrowing of the persistent suicide gender gap.

Read More
National Association of Counties (NACo) - Data-Driven Justice: Disrupting the Cycle of Incarceration

Every year, about 11 million people move through America’s 3,100 local jails, many on low-level, non-violent misdemeanors. Many of the people in county and other local jails have behavioral health conditions that impact their quality of life, including mental illnesses and substance use disorders. 

Read More
The Stepping Up Initiative

Stepping Up asks communities to come together to develop an action plan that can be used to achieve measurable impact in local criminal justice systems of all sizes across the country.

Read More
Forensic Mental Health

Words to Deeds: Changing the Paradigm for Criminal Justice and Behavioral Health. Since 2003, Words to Deeds has provided a unique forum that has evolved into a standard best practice for creating a true shift in the paradigm for criminal justice and mental health by fostering successful and ongoing collaboration among courts, criminal justice agencies, mental health professions, and governmental and nongovernmental organizations, with the aim of achieving substantial positive change in the way individuals with mental illness are treated within our communities.

Read More
The Austin Chronicle - The Austin Women Dispelling Stigma and Moving Mental Health Issues Forward.

When Karen Ranus lost her mother to a terminal brain tumor, casseroles baked by her friends and neighbors appeared at her doorstep. Those same friends offered to mow her lawn and pick her children up from school. Ranus knew her community supported and cared for her family during a crisis. Fast-forward 17 months, when Ranus and her husband brought their daughter home from the hospital after a suicide attempt. There were no casseroles.

Read More
Montgomery County Emergency Services

MCES provides crisis intervention, short-term inpatient and residential treatment and education related to life-threatening psychiatric emergencies and the diversion of persons with serious mental illness from inappropriate criminal justice involvement because of their disability. This video details their Crisis Intervention Specialist (CIS) Program.

 

Read More
The Atlantic - When Mental Illness Becomes a Jail Sentence

Arrestees who are mentally incompetent to stand trial are supposed to be sent for treatment. But thousands are being warehoused in jails for months without a conviction.

Read More
WITF - Police and prison guards demand compliance. That only makes situations worse for people with serious mental illness in Pennsylvania

Use of force reports from Bucks County jail offer a glimpse into a criminal justice system unequipped to deal with people who may be having a crisis.

Read More
CSG Justice Center - More Community, Less Confinement

This 50-state analysis explores how supervision violations impacted prison populations during—and prior to—the pandemic. The project was conducted in partnership with the Correctional Leaders Association with support from Arnold Ventures.

Read More
LEAD (Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion) at the Pittsburgh Foundation

LEAD (Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion) is a systems-change initiative that uses both collective governance and new approaches to direct service. The goal is to reduce policies and practices that disproportionately criminalize low-income people and people of color with unmet behavioral health needs, problematic substance use, and homelessness. 

Read More
New York Focus - Homeless Man Spent Over 800 Days in Rikers After Stealing Cold Medicine from Duane Reade

Blind in one eye and at risk of losing vision in the other, 58-year-old Reginald Randolph has spent much of the past three years in jail. Now he's on the verge of being sent to state prison for four more years.

Read More
National Commission on Correctional Health Care

Journal of Correctional Health Care: The only peer-reviewed correctional health care journal with coverage that includes empirical research, case studies, best practices, literature reviews and letters, plus NCCHC position statements.

Read More
The New England Journal of Medicine - Decoupling Crisis Response from Policing — A Step Toward Equitable Psychiatric Emergency Services

As young psychiatrists of color, we bear witness to the failings of the U.S. mental health emergency response system. We reluctantly counsel our patients to trust this system, though we’re fully aware that it may harm them rather than ensure their safety. 

Read More
Pete Earley - Will $ Billions Be Spent On Solutions Or Mental Health/Addiction Programs That Continue Failing? Two National Experts Say We’re At Tipping Point.

True reform should begin by treating mental illnesses and substance use disorders as illnesses and not crimes.

Read More
Promise Resource Network

PRN was the first example of a mental health “consumer-run” organization in Charlotte, NC. That is, the agency is operated and staffed by people that have been directly impacted by and involved with mental health services and systems. 

Read More
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)

National Guidelines for Behavioral Health Crisis Care - Best Practice Toolkit

Read More
New York Times - A Mental Health Crisis Is Not A Crime

Every 10 years, following a national census, the Constitution requires states to draw districts for each of the newly reapportioned 435 seats in the House of Representatives. Since districts were last drawn in 2011, law enforcement officers have killed a person in every one of them.

Read More
STAT

As mobile mental health teams work to de-escalate crises, some warn their models still rely on police partnerships. In the wake of nationwide demonstrations against police brutality, there has been a surge in interest in making sure mental health providers, not law enforcement, are the ones to respond to a psychiatric crisis.

Read More
International Bipolar Foundation

How Mental Illness Affects Police Shooting Fatalities. In 2015, the Washington Post conducted the first ongoing tally of officer-involved shooting deaths of the mentally ill. Nationwide, at least 25% of people who are shot and killed by police officers suffer from acute mental illness at the time of their death. People with untreated mental illness are 16 times more likely to be fatally shot during an encounter with police than people with their mental illnesses under control.

Read More
Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry

Roadmap to the Ideal Crisis System: Essential Elements, Measurable Standards and Best Practices for Behavioral Health Crisis Response.

Read More
Crisis Talk

988 Crisis Jam Learning Center

Read More
The Network for Public Health Law

Rethinking and Reducing the Role of Law Enforcement in Suicide Prevention Efforts: The almost daily news of people of color killed by police officers, along with the almost routine news of rising rates of anxiety and depression as the COVID-19 pandemic drags on necessitates a closer look at the role of policing in suicide prevention activities. 

Read More
Defund. Re-envision. Transform.

Slide Presentation – Alternatives to the Carceral State: How to Transform St. Louis’ Public Safety System 

Read More
ABA Journal

Police are often first responders to mental health crises, but tragedies are prompting change

Read More
ABA Journal

Article: Prisons are housing mental health patients who've committed no crime

Read More
MindSite News

The 9-8-8 Crisis Hotline is Coming. Will States Answer the Call? Advocates see a chance to transform mental health crisis services. But with deadlines looming, so is a fight with the telecom industry.

Read More
Houston Chronicle

How Texas Cuts Fails Mentally Ill Texans - Helplessness, death and unanswered questions: One man’s death reveals a secretive system in crisis.

Read More
The Appeal

Locked up for three decades without a trial: A New York City man has been shuffled between Rikers Island and mental hospitals for 32 years.

Read More
B’More Kind: A City’s Response to Crisis

B’More Kind: A City’s Response to Crisis (Vimeo movie)

Read More
Mental Illness Policy.org

End Federal Mental Illness Policies that Offload Mentally Ill to Criminal Justice. “We have two mental health systems today, serving two mutually exclusive populations: Community programs serve those who seek and accept treatment. Those who refuse, or are too sick to seek treatment voluntarily, become a law enforcement responsibility. . . . [M]ental health officials seem unwilling to recognize or take responsibility for this second more symptomatic group.” —Chief (Ret.) Michael Biasotti, chair, NYS Association of Chiefs of Police Committee on Untreated Serious Mental Illness.

Read More
Vera Institute of Justice

Young Men of Color and the Other Side of Harm: Despite growing recognition of the disproportionate rates of young men of color caught up in the criminal justice system, little recognition is given to the fact that young men of color are also more likely to be the victims of crime and violence. 

Read More
The New England Journal of Medicine

Decoupling Crisis Response from Policing — A Step Toward Equitable Psychiatric Emergency Services. As young psychiatrists of color, we bear witness to the failings of the U.S. mental health emergency response system. We reluctantly counsel our patients to trust this system, though we’re fully aware that it may harm them rather than ensure their safety. 

Read More
#psychEMT

Curated reading list from #psychEMT

Read More
Social Science Research Network - A Model for Defunding: An Evidence-Based Statute for Behavioral Health Crisis Response.

Too many Black persons and other persons of color are dying at the hands of law enforcement, leading many to call for the defunding of police. These deaths were directly caused by excessive use of force by police officers, but were also driven by upstream and institutional factors that include structural racism, institutional bias, and a historic culture of racialized violence. 

Read More
Verywell Mind

Deaf Community and Mental Health Care: The deaf community struggles daily with stigma, prejudice, and communication, but that's not all: medical studies have found that deaf people suffer from mental health issues at about twice the rate of the general population, and also have real problems accessing needed mental health services.

Read More
New York Times - Dispatcher in Fatal Fire Hung Up on Victim Because He Spoke Spanish, Lawsuit Says.

A group of former 911 dispatchers in Pennsylvania contends in a federal lawsuit filed this month that an Allentown man and his nephew died in a fire in 2020 after an emergency operator hung up on the man because he spoke Spanish — a claim that county officials dispute.

Read More
NBC News

Deaf Colorado man arrested for not complying with police commands he couldn't understand, lawsuit says: Brady Mistic, who uses sign language to communicate, could not understand the officers' verbal commands, according to his federal lawsuit.

Read More
Politico — How a Liberal Michigan Town Is Putting Mental Illness at the Center of Police Reform

Improving the way law enforcement deals with mental illness is emerging as one of the most important and challenging aspects of the national police reform movement.

Read More
Teen Vogue

Students Face Worsening Mental Health, But How Will Schools Handle It? As students return to school amid an ongoing pandemic, schools should be looking out for both their physical and mental health.

Read More
Common Justice

Solutions to Violence: Creating Safety Without Prisons or Policing: Following a massive wave of civil unrest and community organizing, more people are questioning what we have been taught and what is practiced with regard to policing, incarceration, safety, and the way our society responds to violence.

Read More
Treatment Advocacy Center

The Treatment Advocacy Center was founded in Arlington, Virginia, by E. Fuller Torrey, MD, in 1998. Dr. Torrey had worked for 15 years at a Washington, DC, clinic for homeless people with severe mental illness and authored Out of the Shadows: Confronting America’s Mental Illness Crisis about the criminalization of mental illness. 

Read More
Crisis Talk - The Troubling History of 911 and How 988 Can Avoid the Same Missteps

It’s November 22, 2014, in Cleveland, Ohio. A man at a park dials 911 and tells call taker Constance Hollinger, “There’s a guy with a pistol.” “It’s probably fake, but he’s pointing it at everybody.” He says the person is on a swing just outside the Cudell Recreation Center and “probably a juvenile.” Three separate times, the 911 caller points out the weapon might not be real.

Read More
Crisis Talk

Victor Armstrong on Race, Mental Health, and How Removing Police Alone Is Not the Answer

Read More
Psychiatry Online

Cops, Clinicians, or Both? Collaborative Approaches to Responding to Behavioral Health Emergencies

Read More
American Psychiatric Association Foundation (APAF)

On World Mental Health Day, the American Psychiatric Association Foundation (APAF) is launching a new monthly podcast to engage the public in conversations about the current mental health crisis.

Read More
National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors

The National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors provides numerous papers, documents and resources; especially on Trauma-Informed Care in Justice systems. 

Read More
The Art of the Steal (film)

Directed by Don Argott, The Art of the Steal traces the history of the Barnes collection of Post-Impressionist paintings, which was worth billions and became the subject of a power struggle after the 1951 death of the owner, Dr. Albert Barnes.

Read More
The Killing of Kenneth Chamberlain (film)

Directed by David Midell, The Killing of Kenneth Chamberlain is based on the true story of the events that led to the death of an elderly African American veteran with bipolar disorder, who was killed during a conflict with police officers who were dispatched to check on him.

Read More
Bedlam

Directed by Kenneth Paul Rosenberg, MD, Bedlam is a feature-length documentary that immerses viewers in the national crisis surrounding care for people with severe mental illness by telling the intimate stories of patients, families, and medical providers.

Read More
Philly DA

Philly D.A. (documentary series from PBS) - Directed by Ted Passon, Yoni Brook, and Nicole Salazar, Philly D.A. is an eight-part epic that takes an inside look at the first term of Philadelphia's District Attorney, Larry Krasner.

Read More
Krimes

Directed by Alysa Nahmias, Krimes tells the story of incarcerated artist Jesse Krimes who created monumental works of art while locked-up for six years in federal prison. This film also features Mural Arts Philadelphia, who will be with us at the 2021 Summit to create a mural and engage other tools of creative expression and thought. 

Read More
American Planning Association

The Infrastructure of Wellbeing: The new infrastructure package could be one of the nation's most consequential investments in equitable wellbeing — but only if we make it so.

Read More
NRI Report: Behavioral Health Call Centers and 988 Implementation

This report from the National Research Institute highlights the experiences of 43 state Mental Health Agencies in working with state funded Behavioral Health Crisis Call Centers as they prepare for the implementation of 988.

Read More
National Council for Mental Wellbeing

Deflection and Pre-arrest Diversion to Prevent Opioid Overdose: Communities across the country have implemented deflection and pre-arrest diversion (DPAD) initiatives to link people who use drugs to evidence-based care and services instead of incarceration.

Read More
National Association of Counties Research Foundation - Counties Enhance Safety and Improve Outcomes with Recovery Fund Investments in Jail Diversion

This blog highlights several counties investing ARPA Recovery Funds in jail diversion practices. 

Read More
National Association of Counties Research Foundation – Promoting Health and Safety Through a Behavioral Health Continuum of Care

This brief from NACo outlines the elements of a behavioral health care continuum and strategies counties can implement to assist community members with a behavioral health condition.

Read More
National Association of Counties Research Foundation - County Guide for Reducing Jail Populations and Costs

This toolkit helps county officials lead local efforts to understand jail population drivers and implement data-driven solutions to manage these factors and associated costs.

Read More
Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinics and the Justice Systems: A report by the National Council for Mental Wellbeing for the National Center for State Courts’ National Judicial Task Force to Examine State Courts’ Response to Mental Illness

From police departments to courts of law, the CCBHC model provides a mechanism to coordinate, deliver – and often pay for – mental health and substance use services for justice-involved persons.

Read More
National Association of Counties Research Foundation - How County Elected Officials Can Support Crisis Triage Centers: A Place for Community Members to Go During a Behavioral Health Emergency

This brief outlines the county elected official’s role in planning, funding and developing crisis triage centers to support county residents experiencing a behavioral health emergency.

Read More